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The strong programme or strong sociology is a variety of the sociology of scientific knowledge (SSK) particularly associated with David Bloor,〔David Bloor, "The strengths of the strong programme." ''Scientific rationality: The sociological turn'' (Springer Netherlands, 1984) pp. 75-94.〕 Barry Barnes, Harry Collins, Donald A. MacKenzie,〔Donald MacKenzie, "Notes on the science and social relations debate." ''Capital & Class'' 5.2 (1981): 47-60.〕 and John Henry. The strong programme's influence on Science and Technology Studies is credited as being unparalleled (Latour 1999). The largely Edinburgh-based school of thought has illustrated how the existence of a scientific community, bound together by allegiance to a shared paradigm, is a prerequisite for normal scientific activity. The strong programme is a reaction against 'weak' sociologies of science, which restricted the application of sociology to "failed" or "false" theories, such as phrenology. Failed theories would be explained by citing the researchers' biases, such as covert political or economic interests. Sociology would be only marginally relevant to successful theories, which succeeded because they had revealed a true fact of nature. The strong programme proposed that both 'true' and 'false' scientific theories should be treated the same way. Both are caused by social factors or conditions, such as cultural context and self-interest. All human knowledge, as something that exists in the human cognition, must contain some social components in its formation process. ==Characteristics== As formulated by David Bloor,〔David Bloor, ''Knowledge and Social Imagery'' (1976)〕 the strong programme has four indispensable components: #''Causality'': it examines the conditions (psychological, social, and cultural) that bring about claims to a certain kind of knowledge. #''Impartiality'': it examines successful as well as unsuccessful knowledge claims. #''Symmetry'': the same types of explanations are used for successful and unsuccessful knowledge claims alike. #''Reflexivity'': it must be applicable to sociology itself. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「strong programme」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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